All mammalian barrier surfaces are colonized by riboflavin-synthesizing commensals, and MR1 has co-evolved with MAIT cells through most mammalian evolution ( 11), thus being an example of barrier surfaces imprinting human immunity.īarrier surfaces are sites of cross-talk between the host and diverse external environments. MAIT cells are defined as TRAV1-2 + (TCR Vα7.2 +) T cells restricted by the MHC class I-related molecule (MR1), which recognizes non-peptide riboflavin biosynthesis intermediates conserved among bacteria and fungi ( 5– 10). Abundant in human blood, making up to 10% of peripheral T cells, they are also enriched in tissues ( 2– 4). Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells have been intertwined with barrier immunity ever since they were coined ( 1, 2).
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